Causes of peripheral vestibular syndrome at the level of labyrinth (parts of inner ear): benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, neurolabyrinthitis (after viral infection), labyrinthitis (secondary, in the event of mastoiditis or otitis media), kinetoses, vertigo after ear surgeries, vascular (blood supply) disorders in the labyrinth – ischaemia in the labyrinth artery basin, haemorrhage, perilymphatic fistula, traumatic injuries of auditory ossicles and other traumatic injuries, developmental abnormalities and congenital diseases, ototoxic/vestibulotoxic medications, tumours.
Causes of peripheral vestibular syndrome at the level of vestibular nerve: infections, reaction to inflammation in adjacent tissue, tumours, cysts, nerve compression caused by an artery or a vein. The symptoms that resemble the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia – short-term (lasting for a few seconds to several minutes) seizures of systematised vertigo.
Most frequent causes of central vestibular vertigo: acute ischaemic disorders of cerebral circulation, brainstem encephalitis, brainstem tumours, brainstem trauma and consequences thereof, degenerative diseases of the CNS, pathologies of craniospinal junction, for instance, Arnold-Chiari malformation.